You Can Avoid a Conservatorship With a Durable Power of Attorney

August 1, 2022Filed Under: Elder Law, Estate Planning

Legal guardianship over an adult is known as a conservatorship. There are times when someone (or several people) can act on behalf of another. The conservator is the person(s) with the power to make decisions, and the conservatee is the adult who needs help with their financial, health care, living arrangements, and daily affairs due to old age, physical or mental limitations. Some conservatorships are broader than others. For example, some conservators may only have authority over financial decisions, not medical ones.

Common reasons for conservatorship include an adult in a coma, with dementia, or developmental delays. A conservatorship is different from durable powers of attorney. A durable power of attorney is a legal document that adults can set up for themselves if they fear they will lose the capacity to make decisions at some point. They can choose who makes important decisions for them.

Conservators are put in place through court authority to manage the affairs of those who can no longer make their own decisions about health care or finances. Without a durable power of attorney reflecting your wishes, family members may petition a court to appoint a conservator to manage your well-being if you become incapacitated.

What Does Conservatorship Determine?

A “conservator of the estate” guides financial matters while a “conservator of the person” manages personal and medical decisions. In less complex circumstances, one person may be in charge of both estate and personal/medical conservatorships. Both types of conservators follow court supervision and are held accountable to that court.

This court supervision acts as a safeguard, preventing conservators from mismanaging property or taking advantage of those in a conservatorship. The conservator must periodically report the details of their actions to the court. Frequently, courts will require the conservator to seek permission before making major decisions, such as terminating life-support or requiring medications (medical and personal conservatorships) or selling real estate or other property (financial conservatorship). Additionally, a financial conservator must often post a bond as an insurance policy protecting the conservatee’s estate from mismanagement.

Avoiding a Conservatorship

Conservators must serve the conservatees’ best interests and be chosen based on the ability to be competent and trustworthy. Yet conservatorships are often expensive and can be avoided by adequately preparing durable powers of attorney before a physical or mental health crisis occurs. These legal documents provide a template for decision-making based on your wishes by the designated power of attorney(s). In the absence of these documents, the court will often appoint a conservator who is a relative that is available to serve, such as a spouse or adult child.

A conservator will act until the court issues an order ending this responsibility which usually follows:

The conservatee’s death
The conservatee no longer requires this level of assistance
In the case of a financial conservatorship, all assets are spent
The conservator can no longer handle the responsibilities or resigns
The court removes the conservatorship due to a successful legal challenge by the conservatee

To avoid an unwanted conservatorship, draft your durable power of attorney while you are young and have all your faculties. Although it is unpleasant to consider, you never know when your life can change drastically. Meet with an elder law attorney to discuss your concerns around potential physical or mental illness. Your chosen representatives will be those you trust to make decisions in your best interest, and you will have peace of mind knowing that future decisions will reflect your wishes. We hope you found this article helpful. If you have questions or would like to discuss your personal situation, please don’t hesitate to contact us at 513-771-2444.

An Overview of Co-Agents

July 11, 2022Filed Under: Elder Law, Estate Planning, Long Term Care

Choosing which of my two children will be my legal representative when I need help paying my bills and talking to doctors is a difficult decision for me. Can’t I just name them both? You can, but please don’t. You risk creating conflict or chaos if you name more than one child to serve simultaneously. Instead, pick one child at a time.

What to Consider When Deciding Your Health-Care Agent

Think about which child is better suited to the responsibilities. For health-care decision-making, your agent should ideally be calm in stressful situations and be able to advocate courteously but firmly with doctors and nurses for the treatment you want. For financial management, your agent should be organized, careful, and good with numbers.

Your health-care agent should live nearby, but if the child who lives locally is terrified of things like needles and blood, the other, sturdier child might be a better choice. On the other hand, who can manage finances from afar, but if that child didn’t cope with a checkbook, the other would be better. So if one child is good in one area and the other child is good in the other, the dilemma is solved. You can name the number-proficient daughter for the financial side and your son for the health care. Or, if just one child is altogether more capable than the other, name that one child for both health-care and financial powers.

But you do not want to create a situation where children who share the job start arguing about what health care you would want. Busy physicians have little time or patience to mediate fights like that. Likewise, you do not want your children quarreling about how you would want your money to be spent.

That’s why it’s best to give one child decision-making authority at a time. You can name the other as a backup in case the first child becomes unavailable, but naming both to serve simultaneously is generally not a good idea. We hope you found this article helpful. If you’d like to discuss your particular situation, please don’t hesitate to reach out. Please contact our Cincinnati office by calling us at 513-771-2444 with any questions.

Financial Abuse and Fraud Among the Elderly

June 27, 2022Filed Under: Elder Law

According to the National Council on Aging (NCOA), Americans lose between 2.6 and 36.5 billion dollars in assets and money each year to elder financial fraud and abuse. And although self-reported financial exploitation occurs at higher rates than all other types of elder abuse, the NCOA believes instances of elder financial fraud and abuse are likely under-reported.

Even as the coronavirus pandemic wanes, many older adults remain socially isolated and vulnerable to financial victimization. Robocalls, emails scams, and catfishing on social media platforms, con artists bombard the elderly routinely seeking financial gain. However, the National Adult Protective Services Association (NAPSA) reports that most financial exploitation cases the organization receives are from individuals known to the victims, such as relatives, caregivers, friends, and neighbors.

If you have an elderly loved one, there are signs and circumstances to watch for that can help prevent financial abuse. Typically abusers will misappropriate cash, jewelry, and other assets, often suggesting to the elder adult they must not remember where they left them. Some abusers will forge financial documents or steal a Social Security benefits check outright.

Signs of Financial Abuse

Look for instances of unusual financial activity, such as large withdrawals of cash, questionable credit card charges, and unpaid bills. Identify any recurring transactions and bank transfers your loved one does not remember approving. If they can’t recall any request, authorization, or adequately explain the circumstances, investigate the situation fully. A periodic review of an aging loved one’s credit or debit card, and bank statements will help you guard against elderly fraud.

Always be on the lookout for new helpers and indispensable “friends.” The elderly are often lonely and particularly susceptible to abusers that want to ingratiate themselves into their lives under the guise of companionship. These individuals like to work when no one else is around, making it easier to hide their exploitive behavior.

Isolating a loved one is often the first sign of financial abuse. This newfound friend may cut off regular family communications with bogus explanations, saying they are unavailable, feeling unwell, or napping with promises of a return phone call that never materializes. These exploiters will initially be very helpful, making themselves indispensable to the victim and then begin to steal from them.

But there are things that every family member can do to help protect their loved ones.

Simplifying Banking Transactions

Physical disabilities and other issues preventing an older person from driving or otherwise getting around can create vulnerabilities. For example, frailty and mobility issues can end in-person banking independence with a trusted employee. The older individual may not be adept with computers, understand how to do remote banking, or have visual impairment making financial transactions difficult on a small smartphone screen or tablet.

Automatic bill pay can help combat these problems as financial institutions and corporate entities like banks or utilities will not exploit auto bill pay. Payment can be on time without the hassle of receiving paper bills, writing checks, and sending them off, relieving enormous strain on the older person.

Watching Out for Cognitive Decline

Dementias such as Alzheimer’s, which is prevalent, can create many financial problems as cognitive decline leads to a loss of financial acumen. Many elderly adults live with undiagnosed mental issues increasing the opportunity for exploitation. Unscrupulous friends, neighbors, and even family members often try to exert undue influence over cognitively impaired loved ones.

Sensitive private information like Social Security numbers, account numbers, and passwords must be closely guarded by one trusted individual to help with money management tasks. Limiting access to this crucial information is a best practice to protect an elder adult.

Vetting Delivery Services

The pandemic may have families relying on services when they used to provide the help themselves. House cleaning, meal preparation, errands, and even picking up prescription medications are all available services, and some ask for cash payments. Cash for services rendered to the elderly gives nefarious individuals the opportunity to exploit financially.

Estate Planning and Elder Care Attorneys

The most direct way to protect against elder financial abuse is to meet with their estate planning attorney to have a trusted individual named a durable financial power of attorney. This individual can then oversee their loved one’s finances with full access to facilitate, transact, and protect assets. Naming a financial power of attorney generally can help an elder adult feel a great sense of relief. Still, any cash in the hands of an aging loved one needs to be monitored and their home closely guarded to prevent theft.

If you or someone you know is suspicious of financial exploitation, immediately report the situation to a trusted individual or Adult Protective Services in your state. You can also notify your local police department or phone the US Justice Department’s National Elder Fraud Hotline at 833–FRAUD–11 or 833–372–8311. We hope you found this article helpful. If you’d like to discuss your particular situation, please don’t hesitate to reach out. Please contact our Cincinnati office by calling us at 513-771-2444 with any questions.

Medicaid: Five Years of Looking Back Without Penalties

June 6, 2022Filed Under: Elder Law, Long Term Care, Medicaid Planning

Planning for long-term care is important because nearly everyone will require it at some point in their lives. While we cannot predict the timing or level of care, we can take steps to prepare for an unexpected medical and financial crisis to help reduce the stress on ourselves and our family members. The cost of care continues to rise, but Medicaid planning can protect your assets, such as your home, hard-earned savings, retirement fund, or anything you wish to pass on to your loved ones.

Medicare is a federal and state program that helps seniors with limited assets and income afford long-term healthcare. Many seniors believe their only option to qualify for the program is to “spend down” their assets. However, proactive Medicaid planning can protect a substantial portion of your estate if done correctly. That means preparing at least five years before the potential need for benefits. The program’s eligibility rules are complicated, as is the application process. That’s why many people choose to hire an elder law attorney who specializes in Medicaid planning to evaluate their estate and reorganize assets over time.

Medicaid qualification requires a five-year look-back period at financial transactions in most states. The program verifies income and makes sure you haven’t gifted property to others under fair market value to reduce countable assets. Gifting assets is subject to a penalty that results in a period of ineligibility for benefits. The rules for gifting change state by state, and it’s important to know the rules where you live. If you begin early, you can ensure qualification for benefits when you really need them.

Qualifying for Medicaid Without a Penalty

A combination of options gives you the best outcome when applying for Medicaid benefits. An elder law attorney can customize a Medicaid planning strategy that works for your specific needs and goals. When you find yourself in need of long-term care services, you can receive Medicaid benefits to offset costs ranging anywhere from $60,000 to $100,000 a year.

The rising costs of long-term care can be overwhelming and unaffordable, depending on an individual’s needs. Your Medicare policy doesn’t cover long-term in-home or nursing facility services, and long-term care insurance premiums are very high. To discover more options, you’ll need a list of countable assets to determine ways to spend down that comply with Medicaid rules. It makes sense to spend down if it offers advantages:

Make home modifications like stairlifts, wheelchair ramps, walk-in showers, and other convenient amenities
Purchase a funeral benefits plan to cover final expenses
Pay off debt
Gift assets at fair market value with legal documentation
Create caregiver agreements to compensate for care

Caregiver Agreements are formal agreements to compensate caregivers who can be relatives or friends, but they need to be carefully drafted by a professional.

Qualified Income Trust

You may still have too many assets to qualify for Medicaid benefits, but those assets can be protected from Medicaid’s Estate Recovery Program. Your elder law attorney may recommend transferring them to a trust called a Qualified Income Trust (QIT) or Miller Trust. It is an irrevocable trust managed by a trustee who has legal control of the funds. Once they are transferred, they are no longer countable assets.

Medicaid Exempt Annuities

This life insurance annuity type is common to avoid Medicaid penalties during the look-back period. An annuity is a lump sum investment by an individual in return for a monthly payment for the duration of that person’s life or a set number of years. These annuities turn assets into income, lowering the countable assets of the Medicaid candidate below the eligibility limit. However, not all annuities qualify, and your attorney will help you choose the right product.

The surest way to avoid violating a look-back period when qualifying for Medicaid is to consult a qualified Medicaid planning and elder law attorney before you gift or transfer any assets. If a violation has already occurred, they can also offer assistance to correct a problem.

Always seek professional legal advice when creating your long-term care strategy using Medicaid. Applications are rarely successful due to mistakes when filling out forms, and it can have devastating long-term consequences on a family and their finances. Begin well before you anticipate needing long-term care. Become well-informed about all your options as you go through the application process. Proactive planning and expert legal strategies can help protect your assets and offer considerable help for your long-term care costs. We hope you found this article helpful. If you’d like to discuss your particular situation, please don’t hesitate to reach out. Please contact our Cincinnati office by calling us at 513-771-2444 with any questions.